In general, all jurisdictions can be divided into classic offshore, low-tax jurisdictions and prestigious jurisdictions. A jurisdiction’s prestige is equivalent to its ranking, determined by taking into account and evaluating information from the International Sanctions List, the OECD Grey- or Blacklist and the EU Jurisdiction White List, and data regarding the development of financial markets, and establishing whether the jurisdiction is FATF AML deficient and whether it poses any money-laundering concerns. These are the basic criteria that matter when determining whether the jurisdiction is prestigious or not. It cannot be viewed as prestigious if it appears on any financial blacklist.
Austria, France, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Switzerland are among the five most prestigious jurisdictions for incorporating a company.
A general overview of Austria The registration of a company or start-up in this jurisdiction allows the owner(s) to participate in all projects initiated by the Austrian government. The basic company types available are LLC, ULP, PJSC, PLLC, LLP and JSC.
Taxes: the income tax rate is 25%, while corporate tax of at least EUR 500 must be paid, with 20% VAT and a capital tax that varies from 0.8% to 1%. If the subsidiary is registered within the EU, the tax rate on income from dividends is 0%; if not, it’s 25%.
Austria has agreements with more than 90 countries allowing companies to avoid double taxation. It has no foreign exchange control. This jurisdiction ensures the confidentiality of business data.
A general overview of France France is a respectable jurisdiction that will allow your company to provide products and services carrying the mark of a European company. The basic legal structures available are SP, GP, PJSC, PJSC, LLC, CLS and LLPE.
France offers a number of opportunities: the possibility of obtaining loans from French banks, the chance to obtain a residence permit, no taxation for companies registered in the country that conduct business outside France and no foreign exchange control. France has agreements with more than 89 other countries allowing companies to avoid double taxation.
A general overview of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom is considered to be a respectable jurisdiction because of its high levels of rights protection, a simple and transparent tax system, the opportunity it offers to offset VAT and the availability of nominee services.
The basic company types available in the UK are PC, company with liability limited by guarantee, ULC and LLC. Again, there are no tax obligations for companies registered in the UK that do business exclusively outside the country. Corporate tax rates depend on profits (ranging from 20% to 24%). The UK has agreements with more than 100 countries allowing companies to avoid double taxation.
A general overview of the United States of America The USA offers a respectable, highly trustworthy jurisdiction for registering a company, allowing it to provide products and services carrying the mark of a USA company. This jurisdiction imposes no tax liabilities for those companies referred to as non-resident and it also allows nominee services. There is no taxation for companies registered in the country that conduct all of their business outside the USA.
The basic legal structures available are private entrepreneur, corp., branch of a foreign company, representative office of a foreign company, partnership, LLC, joint venture or LLJSC.
A general overview of Switzerland This jurisdiction’s good reputation stems from several factors, such as strong business development, a dynamic economy and a track record of innovation. The main company types available in Switzerland are LLC, ULP, JSC, commandite partnership and subsidiary.
Switzerland offers high levels of confidentiality, the world’s reserve currency, mechanisms to avoid double taxation, a reasonable tax system with tax rates depending on residence, the company’s level of income and legal form, tax optimisation opportunities and the possibility of setting up service enterprises which can be utilised for managing the parent company’s business operations and can serve as the overseas offices of international companies.
Joint stock company, commonly abbreviated as JSC, is a public legal entity, which means that its shares can be publicly traded. Similarly as limited liability company, also JSC shareholders liability is limited by the contributed capital.
Authorised capital The minimum amount of capital for JSC is 35,000 EUR and this sum has to be paid in fully by the registration of the company. In case of specific legal entities, such as insurance companies, banks and other non-banking financial institutions, the minimum share capital amount can be much larger.
Shareholders of the company Similarly as for a limited liability company, the owners of company shares may be either legal entities or individuals. But contrary to a limited liability company, JSC shares can be bought and sold publicly. The maximum number of shares is unlimited and more shares can be issued during the life of the company. There are several types of shares and usually the shareholders’ rights to vote and receive dividends depend on the category of shares. Typically shareholders are entitled to express their opinion about the direction of the business and other subjects, such as the distribution of profit and appointment of the council. All shareholders’ decisions are made during a shareholders’ meeting.
A council elects as well as revokes members of the board of directors. Board of directors is the executive body of the company. Unless stated otherwise, all members of the board of directors represent the company jointly and decisions are made by voting. Only a private person can be a member of the board of directors.
Documents needed for JSC incorporation in Latvia In order to register a company in Latvia, below documents need to be submitted in the Register of Enterprises of the Republic of Latvia:
Company incorporation application form; Agreement (or a decision in case of a sole shareholder) to establish a company; Articles of association of the company; Bank’s reference confirming the share capital payment; Founder registry schedule of the company; Confirmation by the council of the company; Confirmations by the board members of the company; Resolution about the company’s legal address signed by a board member; Resolution about the allowance to register the company in the particular address (signed by the real estate’s owner); Proof of payment of the state taxes for a company formation; Proof of payment for a publication in the official newspaper “Latvijas Vestnesis” JSC incorporation process in Latvia Incorporation of a JSC in Latvia is a complex legal procedure, which requires involvement of experienced corporate lawyers or incorporation agents. JSC incorporation generally consists of the following steps:
Collection of all necessary information and documents for the incorporation of a company; Preparation of the foundation documents for the incorporation of a company; Signing of the foundation documents (at the notary); Opening of a temporary bank account where the share capital is paid; Payment of state fees for the company formation and the publication in the official newspaper; Submission of the foundation documents to the Register of Enterprises of the Republic of Latvia; When the company is registered, you shall receive following documents:
Certificate of registration; Articles of association; Decision of the state notary of the Register of Enterprises of the Republic of Latvia Reporting to tax office JSC is obliged to report its financial statements once a year and a report on the company’s employee salaries must be submitted each month. In case the company’s turnover exceeds 50,000 EUR, it is obliged to register as a VAT payer. This also needs to be done if the company plans to export goods or services abroad. If a company is registered as a VAT payer, it has to submit VAT reports on a monthly basis.
The total population of Cuba is 11,489,082 people. People in Cuba speak the Spanish language. The linguistic diversity of Cuba is almost homogeneous according to a fractionalization scale which for Cuba is 0. The median age is approximately 39.9 years. Life expectancy in Cuba is 79. The female fertility rate in Cuba is 1.7. Around 22% of the population of Cuba are obese. The ethnic diversity is rather diverse according to a fractionalization scale which for Cuba is 0.5908. To find out specifics of language, religion, age, gender distribution, and advancement of people in Cuba see the sections below, as well as visit the section concerning the education in the country.
Population In Cuba, the population density is 102 people per square kilometer (265 per square mile). Because of this statistic, this country is considered to be densely populated. The total population of Cuba is 11,489,082 people. Cuba has approximately 13,336 foreign immigrants. Immigrants in Cuba represent 0.1 percent of the total number of immigrants in the world. Immigrants in Cuba represent 0.1 percent of the total number of immigrants in the world. The ethnic diversity of Cuba is rather diverse according to a fractionalization scale based on ethnicity. Ethnic fractionalization (EF) deals with the number, sizes, socioeconomic distribution, and geographical location of distinct cultural groups, usually in a state or some otherwise delineated territory. Specific cultural features might refer to language, skin color, religion, ethnicity, customs and traditions, history, or other distinctive criteria, alone or in combination. Frequently, these features are used for social exclusion and the monopolization of power. The index of ethnic fractionalization in Cuba is 0.5908. This means that there is a relatively high number of unique ethnic groups in Cuba. EF is usually measured as 1 minus the Herfindahl concentration index of ethnolinguistic group shares, which reproduces the probability that two randomly drawn individuals from the population belong to different groups. The theoretical maximum of EF of 1 means that each person belongs to a different group. Read below for statistics of Cuba on median age and gender distribution at various ages.
Age The median age is approximately 39.9 years. The median age for men is 39.1, while the median age for women is 40.8.
Gender The sex ratio, or the number of males for each female (estimated at birth), is 1.06. It can be further divided into the following categories: sex ratio under 15 - 1.06; sex ratio from 15 to 64 - 1; sex ratio over 64 - 0.83; total sex ratio - 0.99. Total sex ratio is different from sex ratio estimated at birth. This is due to the fact that some newborns are considered in the sex ratio estimated at birth but pass away within the first weeks of their life and are not included in the total sex ratio.
Religion The majority religion of Cuba is Christianity, the followers of which comprise 59.2% of all religious believers in the country. Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ as presented in the New Testament. Christianity is the world's largest religion, with over 2.4 billion adherents, known as Christians. Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as Christ or the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament. Besides Christianity, there are several other religions present within the country. Other religions in Cuba are Islam, Buddhism. The religious diversity of Cuba is rather diverse according to a fractionalization scale based on the number of religions in Cuba. The index of religious fractionalization in Cuba is 0.5059. This score means that there are several major religions distributed evenly within Cuba.
General development Cuba is considered to be a developing nation. The developmental stage of a nation is determined by a number of factors including, but not limited to, economic prosperity, life expectancy, income equality, and quality of life. As a developing nation, Cuba may not be able to offer consistent social services to its citizens. These social services may include things like public education, reliable healthcare, and law enforcement. Citizens of developing nations may have lower life expectancies than citizens of developed nations. In Cuba, 25.64 in every 100 people use internet. Cuba has a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.815. Cuba has a high HDI score. This indicates that the majority of citizens will be able to attain a desirable life while providing substantial aid and assistance to citizens with lower living standards. The migration rate in Cuba is -3.66%. In Cuba, 5% of the population lives below the poverty line. The percentage of citizens living below the poverty line in Cuba is low, indicating that it has a stable economy. Investors should consider Cuba to be a safe location for investments and other financial ventures.
With regard to political and civil freedoms, Palestinian territories is 3. Citizens in Palestinian territories experience little to no civil liberties and political rights. Citizens are not free to express themselves and do not enjoy political freedom or a representative government. Countries with this political situation are dangerous for investment, as an authoritarian government may have outsize control over economic matters. In terms of journalistic freedom, the media of Palestinian territories is in a 4.
Value Added Tax (also known as VAT) is levied in some countries on the sale/purchase of certain goods and services. It can generally be defined as a consumption tax calculated and collected on the basis of value added. Usually VAT is calculated at the destination, since the application of VAT depends on the jurisdiction of the seller and the buyer. It should be noted that VAT accounts for almost 20% of the total amount of taxes levied worldwide.
Whenever you decide to do business in the EU, you will certainly face the issue of registering a VAT number. VAT issues are complex. However, all EU Member States follow the EU VAT Directive, so each EU country has developed its own legislation regarding VAT claims and reporting.
Once a company is registered for a VAT number, it must regularly submit a VAT report that will contain information on incoming and outgoing invoices, regardless of whether they were issued/received by other counterparties from the EU or partners from countries not within the EU or not. Most importantly, all transactions must be reported on the VAT return, including invoices where 0% VAT has been applied.
Mandatory VAT registration for EU companies There may be several conditions when an EU company must register for VAT and file VAT returns. In most EU jurisdictions, VAT registration is required in the following cases:
By rapids When a company registered in the EU reaches a certain sales turnover, it is obliged to register as a VAT payer. The thresholds for mandatory VAT registration are determined by the VAT Law of each Member State. For example:
€16,000 in Estonia, €30,000 in Austria, 1,000,000 CZK in the Czech Republic, etc.
In Israel, the type of government is a Unitary parliamentary republic. In Israel, the legislative power is vested in a Knesset. The head of the government is Reuven Rivlin. The governmental structure of a country determines the manner in which laws are written, approved, and interpreted. Government type determines the manner in which elections are held as well as the country's system of policing its citizens. The term of office of the head of state in Israel lasts until 1 January 2021. The length of a head of state's term has a direct effect on the power and influence of the executive position. A longer term of office provides the head of state with increased authority. The term of office of the head of state in Israel lasts until 01/01/2021. The length of a head of state's term has a direct effect on the power and influence of the executive position. A longer term of office provides the head of state with increased authority. The Global Peace Index (GPI) for Israel is 2.781. The strength of legal rights index for Israel is 6. Overall, it is considered to be rather adequate - bancrupcy and collateral laws are able to protect the rights of borrowers and lenders at least decently; credit information is msotly sufficient and generally available.
Government In Israel, the head of the government is Reuven Rivlin. The government system of Israel is a Unitary parliamentary republic. In Israel, the legislative power is vested in a Knesset; this is a Unicameral legislative body, and therefore a Unicameral Knesset. According to the World Bank Group, the government effectiveness index of Israel is 1.16. This indicates that the government of Israel is effective. Citizens enjoy well-organized public and civil services, and government efficiency is high. While some services may be lacking in certain areas, the overall environment fostered by government legislation is favorable.
Greece is considered a great nation due to its total area. Its total area is 131,957 km² (approx. 50,949 mi²). The Greek continental shelf is approximately 81,451 km² (approximately 31,448 mi²) in size. Greece is in Europe. Europe is a continent whose borders go back to antiquity. The European countries include the United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Malta and the Vatican. Greece has 4 neighboring countries. Its neighbors include Albania, Bulgaria, Turkey and Macedonia. Greece is not a landlocked country. This means that it is bounded by at least one larger body of water. The average elevation range of Greece is 498 m (1,634 ft).
Neighbors The total length of land borders of Greece is 1110 kilometers (~ 429 miles). Greece shares its land borders with 4 different countries and has the same number of unique land borders with neighboring areas. If, as in the case of Greece, a country has the same number of distinct neighboring areas as land borders, then that country has no discontinuous sections of land border. This is in contrast to several countries that have several non-contiguous sections of land borders. Greece has 4 neighboring countries. Its neighbors include Albania, Bulgaria, Turkey and Macedonia. The lengths of the land borders of Greece with its neighboring countries are as follows:
Albania - 282 km (175 mi), Bulgaria - 494 km (307 mi), Turkey - 206 km (128 mi), Macedonia - 246 km (153 miles).
Cities The capital of Greece is Athens. The largest city in Greece is Athens.
Elevation The average elevation range of Greece is 498 m (1,634 ft). The highest point in Greece is Mount Olympus with an official height of 2919 m (9,577 ft). The lowest point in Greece is the Mediterranean Sea. The difference in altitude between the highest (Mount Olympus) and lowest (Mediterranean) point in Greece is 2919 m (2 ft).
Area The total land area of Greece is 131,957 km² (approx. 50,949 mi²). and the total exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is 505,572 km² (~ 195,202 mi²). The continental shelf of Greece is approximately 81,451 km². Including the land mass and the EEZ, the total area of Greece is approximately 637,529 km² (~ 246,150 mi²). Greece is considered a great nation due to its total area.
Forest and farmland 37,520 km² of the Greek territory are covered with forests, and the forest area comprises 28% of the total land area. Greece has 26,749 km² of arable land, which makes up 20% of the total area of the country.
In general, in order to register a company in Canada, one must meet the main registration requirements that may apply to his or her company. This should be done due to the need to inform the government of one's business formation plans as well as to inform potential customers of one's business status and commercial activities.
Company name registration Before registering a company, it is quite important to think about what you want to name your company. The company name can be registered through any of the service providers who have a contract with the Department of Government and Consumer Services. After choosing the right name, entrepreneurs have to decide on the type of company they want to set up.
Choosing the right corporate structure There are many business structure types that can meet one's expectations. For example, a partnership or limited partnership, a corporation, a cooperative, a sole proprietorship, etc. If one decides to register a limited partnership (LP), one needs to have a clear idea of what it is and be aware of the formalities involved are fulfilled.
Choice of form of incorporation One must also choose whether to incorporate the company at the federal level or in a specific province or territory. However, the most important thing to remember when registering a company in Canada is that most territorial and provincial governments require company registration with their governing agencies: the Federal Corporations Directorate and the provincial registries.
There are certain rules, procedures and fees for registering a company in each province, however some of the requirements can be considered basic and can apply to any location in Canada. For example, company name registration is generally a mandatory legal requirement, but Newfoundland and Labrador is the exception to this rule as this province does not require the registration of partnership or sole proprietorship names.
LP Registration Requirements Limited partnership means that there are one or more general partners who have unlimited liability and one (or even more) who have limited liability depending on their contribution to the company within such a partnership.
Submission of documents Therefore, formation of a LP requires submission of documents such as: Declaration of Limited Partnership (Form 1), Declaration of Out-of-Province Limited Partnership (Form 4), Notice of Offices, Memorandum, Articles of Incorporation if one has an out-of-province Limited registered partnership. LP can be registered if these statements are filed with the fee under the Limited Partnership Act. The law can also be found online and submitted to a specific province's government department.
Legalization of documents All documents must be legalized. Legalizing documents in Canada can cost several hundred dollars, depending on the consulate you choose. The documents must then be signed and sealed by a Canadian notary public and notarization can be done through one of Global Affairs Canada's authentication services.
The shareholders of LP At least one general partner is required for the registration of a limited partnership, who can be resident in any country, natural or legal person. In this way, LP is managed by its general partners, unless the articles of incorporation allow the general partners to appoint a manager. There is no minimum or maximum contribution required to set up such a partnership.
The total population of Malta is 432,089 people. The people of Malta speak the English and Maltese languages. The linguistic diversity of Malta is vaguely diverse according to a fractionation scale, which for Malta is 0.0907. The average age is around 40.9 years. Life expectancy in Malta is 81. Female fertility rate in Malta is 1.4. About 29.0% of the Maltese population is obese. Ethnic diversity is nearly uniform according to a fractionation scale, which for Malta is 0.0414. Details of the language, religion, age, gender distribution and advancement of the people of Malta can be found in the sections below, as well as the section on education in the country.
Population In Malta, the population density is 1321 people per square kilometer (3437 per square mile). Based on these statistics, this country is considered to be very densely populated. The total population of Malta is 432,089 people. Malta has approximately 41,442 foreign immigrants. Immigrants in Malta make up 0.1 percent of the total number of immigrants worldwide. Immigrants in Malta make up 8 percent of the total number of immigrants worldwide. The ethnic diversity of Malta is nearly uniform according to a fractionation scale based on ethnicity. Ethnic Fractionation (EF) deals with the number, size, socioeconomic distribution, and geographic location of diverse cultural groups, usually within a state or some other demarcated area. Specific cultural characteristics can refer to language, skin color, religion, ethnicity, customs and traditions, history, or other distinctive criteria, alone or in combination. These characteristics are often used for social exclusion and power monopolization. The index of ethnic fractionation in Malta is 0.0414. This means that the people living in Malta are somewhat fractional. EF is usually measured as 1 minus the Herfindahl concentration index of ethnolinguistic group proportions, which reflects the probability that two randomly drawn individuals from the population belong to different groups. The theoretical maximum of EF of 1 means that each person belongs to a different group. Read below Maltese statistics on average age and gender distribution at different ages.
Age The average age is around 40.9 years. The average age for men is 39.7 and the average age for women is 42.1.
Gender The sex ratio, or number of males per female (estimated at birth), is 1.06. It can be further broken down into the following categories: sex ratio below 15 - 1.06; sex ratio from 15 to 64 - 1.03; sex ratio over 64 - 0.76; Overall sex ratio - 0.99. The overall sex ratio differs from the sex ratio estimated at birth. This is because some newborns are included in the sex ratio estimated at birth, but die within the first few weeks of life and are not included in the overall sex ratio.
Religion The majority religion in Malta is Christianity, whose adherents make up 97% of all religious believers in the country. Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ as presented in the New Testament. Christianity is the largest religion in the world with over 2.4 billion followers known as Christians. Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the Savior of mankind, whose coming as Christ or Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament. Besides Christianity, there are several other religions in the country. Other religions in Malta are Islam, folk religions. The religious diversity of Malta is vaguely diverse according to a fractionation scale based on the number of religions in Malta. The religious fractionalization index in Malta is 0.1223. This score means that within the country there is a major belief with a few other subordinate beliefs.
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24.11.2024 16:11
